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  Loose smut of fungi : causual organism, symptom, disease cycle and management A fungal disease known as loose smut causes smut spores, also known as teliospores, to replace whole heads . Symptoms of loose stools are noticeable from the outset. Smuttered heads, in which spores have taken the place of every structural element save the rachis. Smutted heads appear many days before contrasting green, healthy heads. Smutted heads have masses of black teliospores wrapped in a gray membrane in place of grain and glume structures. Soon after heading, the spores' thin membrane breaks off, allowing the spores to either become airborne or be washed away by rain, until finally the disease's sole remnant is the empty rachis . Total yield is lost in the diseased heads. Ill-grown heads yield no grain at all.  Smut fungi are Basidiomycetes and include several important genera including Ustilago , Tilletia , Entyloma , and Urocystis . The most economically important smut diseases are on...

  Cladistics and its significance  In the taxonomy system known as cladistics, species are grouped together into clades (groups) according to shared ancestry and collective traits. Using cladistics, species can be categorized and their evolutionary relationships can be determined. Cladistics uses anatomical, molecular, and genetic amount of organisms in its technique. A cladogram, which consists of diagrams putting forth phylogenetic relationship hypotheses, is created using data from cladistic analysis. When reconstructing artifact lineages, cladistics—a technique that builds nested series of taxa based on homologous features shared solely by two or more taxa and their immediate common ancestor—offers a way to account for heritable continuity as opposed to merely historical continuity. Cladistically produced trees are better than undifferentiated homologous characters and phenetic trees, which use characters without considering whether they are homologous or similar. However,...

  Classification and Distribution of Gymnosperm in India  Phanerogams are the collective term for gymnosperms and angiosperms (phanero = exposed, gams = sex organs or spermatophytes; sperma = seed). • Plants with bare seeds are known as gymnosperms. The ovules in gymnosperms are openly visible both before and after fertilization. They are not contained by the ovarian wall. of contrast, the ovule or ovules of angiosperms are entirely encased within a structure known as the ovary. For this reason, only naked seeds are produced in gymnosperms instead of fruits, but in angiosperms, seeds are produced inside fruits. • Coulter and Chamberlain (1910) divided gymnosperms into 7 orders. Some of the orders are extinct today.  The seven orders are as follows:  1. Cycadofilicales (extinct)  2. Bennettitales (extinct)  3. Cycadales (Mesozoic to present day)  4. Cordaitales (extinct)  5. Ginkgoales (Palaeozoic to present day)  6. Coniferales (Palaeozoic ...

Structure of Visual organs ( Compound eye)  of Cockroach  Compound eyes, also known as simple eyes or ommatidia, are found on the lateral sides of a cockroach's head. They are each composed of approximately 2000 hexagonal units and resemble a black, kidney-shaped structure. A compound eye's ommatidiums each contribute to the image of an item that lies along its optical line.  Because cockroaches are nocturnal creatures, they are most active at night.These kinds of organisms create blurry images by the overlaying of many images. https://educationtechbysapna.blogspot.com/2024/03/understanding-basics-of-fat.html The visual structures seen in arthropods are called compound eyes. Compound eyes, also known as simple eyes or ommatidia, are found on the lateral sides of a cockroach's head. They are each composed of approximately 2000 hexagonal units and resemble a black, kidney-shaped structure. A compound eye's ommatidiums each contribute to the image of an item that lie...

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  Neodarwinism  : A detailed review  Evolutionary theory is still based on the Modern Synthesis, sometimes known as "Neo-Darwinism," which emerged from the reconciliation of Mendel's genetic studies with Darwin's theory of natural selection. Neo-Darwinism is an evolutionary theory that combines contemporary population genetics and natural selection to synthesize Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The word originated in 1896 to refer to the beliefs of August Weismann (1834–1914), who maintained that natural selection was the only significant process that could explain biological evolution and that the inheritance of acquired traits was impossible according to his germ-plasm theory. Neodarwinism : This is a modified version of Darwin's theory that takes into account the contemporary synthesis of Mendelian genetics and natural selection. The accumulation of genotypic variants within a gene pool is the primary mechanism causing speciation. The Modern Synthetic ...

  Mutation and types of mutagens  A single base change may result in a helpful adaptation, a catastrophic genetic disease, or no effect at all. What causes mutations, and how do they affect a species' future?A single base change may result in a helpful adaptation, a catastrophic genetic disease, or no effect at all. What causes mutations, and how do they affect a species' future? A genetic sequence can change by a mutation. Mutations can involve modifications as minor as the replacement of a single nucleotide base, or building block of DNA, with a different nucleotide base. Larger mutations, on the other hand, can impact numerous genes on a chromosome. In addition to substitutions, DNA sequence insertions, deletions, and duplications can also result in mutations. Certain mutations are inherited when they are inherited from a parent who carries them through the germ line, which is when the mutation is carried by an egg or sperm cell. Somatic mutations are another type of nonher...

  Unraveling the Secrets of Amphipathic Lipids in Cell Biology Each and every lipid molecule in cell membrane is amphipathic, also known as amphiphilic, meaning that it has a hydrophobic, or nonpolar end that fears water and a hydrophilic, or polar end that loves water. Phospholipids are the most prevalent kind of membrane lipids. These consist of two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails and a polar head group. https://educationtechbysapna.blogspot.com/2024/03/glyoxysome-and-its-function.html A molecule having hydrophilic, polar heads and hydrophobic, non-polar tails is known as an amphipathic lipid. Moreover, one kind of fat that aids in the formation of cell membranes is known as an amphipathic lipid. The notion of amphipathic lipids-membranes, as well as its significance and applications, will be discussed in this article.  A cell membrane is necessary for every living thing to regulate what enters and exits the cell. This barrier controls what cells eat and shields them from dan...

            Unfoldings of truth behind the conjugation in bacteria  The world is home to a vast variety of bacteria. By binary fission, they divide rapidly, creating identical daughter cells. Thus, vertical transmission—the transfer of genetic information from the mother to the offspring—occurs. Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of transfer of genetic material by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. Pilus Formation. The donor cells (F+ cells) form a sex pilus and begin contact with an F- recipient cell. Conjugation in Bacteria  DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation. DNA is transferred between cells once the donor cell uses a feature known as a pilus to get itself near to the recipient. This DNA typically takes the shape of a plasmid. The fertility factor, also known as the F factor, is a region of DNA found in donor cells that usually causes them to function as donors. T...

Breaking Down the Main Functions of Carbohydrates: A Listicle  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms combine to form the macromolecules known as carbohydrates. It is mostly present in plant foods as lactose and in dairy goods as glucose. https://educationtechbysapna.blogspot.com/2024/03/lichens-structure-and-function-of.html The molecular formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Put more simply, a carbohydrate molecule is made up of one carbon atom, one oxygen atom, and two hydrogen atoms in a certain ratio. This indicates that the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate molecules is 1:2:1. The name "carbohydrate" has its origins in a formula that consists of two components: carbon (carbo) and water (hydrate). These are chemical compounds with several hydroxyl groups originating from the carbon chain that are arranged as aldehydes or ketones. Any one of the following three forms can be used to structurally represent c...