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 Use of  apomixis in Plant Breeding  The Greek terms "APO" (away from) and "mixed" (the process of mixing or mingling) are the roots of the word "apomixis." It describes how a plant grows from a seed without the need for fertilization or typical sexual reproduction. The easiest way to define apomixis is as a reference to the asexual process. The resultant plant is a female parent plant clone. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, is created during sexual reproduction by developmental processes that take place inside the ovule. After double fertilization, the resultant components are the embryo and endosperm. In higher plants, apomixis is a common occurrence. More than 35 groups of plants, including the Gramineae, Rosaceae, Compositae, and Rutaceae, are known to be apomictic. Apomixis is seen in major grains like wheat and maize. Apomixis Types There are three commonly known kinds of apomixis: adventitious embryony, apospory, and diplospory. Diplospory T...

  Cladistics and its significance  In the taxonomy system known as cladistics, species are grouped together into clades (groups) according to shared ancestry and collective traits. Using cladistics, species can be categorized and their evolutionary relationships can be determined. Cladistics uses anatomical, molecular, and genetic amount of organisms in its technique. A cladogram, which consists of diagrams putting forth phylogenetic relationship hypotheses, is created using data from cladistic analysis. When reconstructing artifact lineages, cladistics—a technique that builds nested series of taxa based on homologous features shared solely by two or more taxa and their immediate common ancestor—offers a way to account for heritable continuity as opposed to merely historical continuity. Cladistically produced trees are better than undifferentiated homologous characters and phenetic trees, which use characters without considering whether they are homologous or similar. However,...

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