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Use of apomixis in Plant Breeding

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 Use of  apomixis in Plant Breeding  The Greek terms "APO" (away from) and "mixed" (the process of mixing or mingling) are the roots of the word "apomixis." It describes how a plant grows from a seed without the need for fertilization or typical sexual reproduction. The easiest way to define apomixis is as a reference to the asexual process. The resultant plant is a female parent plant clone. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, is created during sexual reproduction by developmental processes that take place inside the ovule. After double fertilization, the resultant components are the embryo and endosperm. In higher plants, apomixis is a common occurrence. More than 35 groups of plants, including the Gramineae, Rosaceae, Compositae, and Rutaceae, are known to be apomictic. Apomixis is seen in major grains like wheat and maize. Apomixis Types There are three commonly known kinds of apomixis: adventitious embryony, apospory, and diplospory. Diplospory T...
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Unfoldings of truth behind the conjugation in bacteria

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            Unfoldings of truth behind the conjugation in bacteria  The world is home to a vast variety of bacteria. By binary fission, they divide rapidly, creating identical daughter cells. Thus, vertical transmission—the transfer of genetic information from the mother to the offspring—occurs. Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of transfer of genetic material by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. Pilus Formation. The donor cells (F+ cells) form a sex pilus and begin contact with an F- recipient cell. Conjugation in Bacteria  DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation. DNA is transferred between cells once the donor cell uses a feature known as a pilus to get itself near to the recipient. This DNA typically takes the shape of a plasmid. The fertility factor, also known as the F factor, is a region of DNA found in donor cells that usually causes them to function as donors. T...
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Gene Silencing : A brief review

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  Gene Silencing : A brief review  Controlling the expression of genes is a phenomenon known as gene silencing. There are two ways to regulate gene expression: translation and transcription. Gene silencing and gene knockdown, in which gene expression is decreased, are quite similar. It must be distinguished from gene knockout, which is the total removal of a gene from the genome. Silencing of Transcriptional Genes Transcriptional gene silencing is the term used to describe the silencing of genes at the transcriptional level. It is a process of alteration in which the machinery of transcription is disabled. The techniques for transcriptional gene silencing are as follows: Mendelian inheritance is the basis for the epigenetic approach known as genomic imprinting. The genes that children acquire from their parents determine how those genes are expressed in them. Histone modification or DNA methylation silences the gene, which is passed down unchanged to the progeny. Paramutatio...
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