Genomics : A brief preview


Genomics 

The study of an organism's complete genome, which includes all of its genes and the interactions between them and their surroundings, is known as genomics. The genome, which is integrated into almost all of the organism's cells, houses the whole collection of DNA for that creature.


Types of genomics:

  • Structural genomics: investigates the complete genome to find the structure of each protein that the genome encodes.
    Functional genomics.. describes the roles and interactions of genes and proteins by gathering and utilizing data from many genome studies, such as sequencing programs.
    Comparative genomics. compares the genomic sequences of several species to learn more about the similarities and differences between them.
    Epigenomics.. investigates how genetic alterations can take place without changing the DNA sequence by looking at the epigenetic modifications in a cell's genetic makeup.
    Metagenomics examines the structure and function of whole nucleotide sequences from a variety of species in a bulk sample—usually microbes—to learn more about the intrinsic diversity of these organism
  • Pharmacogenomics: studies how a person's genetic makeup influences how that person reacts to particular medications in an effort to treat patients more successfully.

Genomics relies on DNA sequencing:


The precise arrangement of nucleotide bases on a DNA strand must be ascertained using a procedure known as DNA sequencing before scientists can begin studying an organism's genome. Only one strand needs to be sequenced because the nucleotide pairing determines the sequence on the second strand.

The following techniques are just some of the methods scientists now use to sequence DNA :

ChIP sequencing: This method, also known as ChIP-seq, uses a combination of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) tests to find DNA-binding sites for transcription factors and other proteins.

Methylation sequencing:   In order to identify unmethylated cytosines in the DNA and change them into uracils, which allows one to calculate the percentage of methylated cytosines, this sequencing technique usually uses bisulfite conversion.

Nanopore sequencing:
Single DNA strands are sequenced using this technique, which involves them passing through a tiny pore-filled, electro-resistant membrane. A sensor is built into each pore to record the electric current flowing through it as the strand passes through. The precise sequence of each nucleotide base is subsequently determined using this information

Next-generation sequencing:  With the use of MPS technology, this method achieves high throughputs, allowing for the quick sequencing of selected DNA or RNA sections or the sequencing of a complete genome.

Sanger sequencing.:   Frederick Sanger, a biologist who has won two Nobel Prizes, and his associates devised the initial technique for sequencing DNA in the 1970s. It was also how the Human Genome Project operated. A chain-termination polymerase chain reaction is used in Sanger sequencing to detect nucleotide bases.

Targeted sequencing.:  This kind of sequencing provides a rapid and economical method for accurately sequencing particular genomic areas, which is crucial for medical research. There are numerous techniques for focused sequencing.

Whole genome sequencing.: Entire genomes are sequenced using this method. Usually, the procedure entails dividing DNA into smaller chunks so that the sequencing machine can read them. In order to identify each segment's location within the genome, it is additionally labeled.

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