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  Gene Silencing : A brief review  Controlling the expression of genes is a phenomenon known as gene silencing. There are two ways to regulate gene expression: translation and transcription. Gene silencing and gene knockdown, in which gene expression is decreased, are quite similar. It must be distinguished from gene knockout, which is the total removal of a gene from the genome. Silencing of Transcriptional Genes Transcriptional gene silencing is the term used to describe the silencing of genes at the transcriptional level. It is a process of alteration in which the machinery of transcription is disabled. The techniques for transcriptional gene silencing are as follows: Mendelian inheritance is the basis for the epigenetic approach known as genomic imprinting. The genes that children acquire from their parents determine how those genes are expressed in them. Histone modification or DNA methylation silences the gene, which is passed down unchanged to the progeny. Paramutatio...

Progymnosperms : a brief illustration  What Progymnosperms Mean: It is currently believed that some fossils from the Devonian and Carboniferous eras of the Paleozoic era, which were formerly believed to belong to pteridophytes (Primofilices), are more closely related to gymnosperms even though they are not fully gymnospermous. Following the discovery of similarities between the fern-like fronds of Archaeopteris and the gymnosperm-like trunks of Callixylon, these fossils were categorized by Beck (1960) as belonging to the Progymnospermopsida class of gymnosperms. Progymnosperms are defined as "plants exhibiting the features of gymnospermic anatomy and ptendophytic reproduction," according to Bonamo (1975).  From the Middle Devonian through the Lower Mississippian, prosims were an essential part of the vegetation. They were somewhat similar to gymnosperms, as their name suggests. Similar to true gymnosperms, progymnosperms also frequently developed wood by secondary growth of t...

 Use of  apomixis in Plant Breeding  The Greek terms "APO" (away from) and "mixed" (the process of mixing or mingling) are the roots of the word "apomixis." It describes how a plant grows from a seed without the need for fertilization or typical sexual reproduction. The easiest way to define apomixis is as a reference to the asexual process. The resultant plant is a female parent plant clone. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, is created during sexual reproduction by developmental processes that take place inside the ovule. After double fertilization, the resultant components are the embryo and endosperm. In higher plants, apomixis is a common occurrence. More than 35 groups of plants, including the Gramineae, Rosaceae, Compositae, and Rutaceae, are known to be apomictic. Apomixis is seen in major grains like wheat and maize. Apomixis Types There are three commonly known kinds of apomixis: adventitious embryony, apospory, and diplospory. Diplospory T...